continuous symmetry造句

• And suppose that the integral is invariant under a continuous symmetry.
• :Conservation laws arise from continuous symmetries.
• When a continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken, massless bosons appear, corresponding to the remaining symmetry.
• Continuous symmetries are specified mathematically by " continuous groups " ( called Lie groups ).
• A generalization of the formulations on constants of motion in continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law.
• A researcher can calculate the types of Lagrangians that conserve " X " through a continuous symmetry.
• This is the Mermin Wagner theorem : there is no spontaneous breaking of a continuous symmetry in two dimensions.
• An extension of Galois theory to the case of continuous symmetry groups was one of Lie's principal motivations.
• Lie groups are of fundamental importance in modern physics : Noether's theorem links continuous symmetries to conserved quantities.
• The continuous symmetry groups without a fixed point include those with a screw axis, such as an infinite helix.
• Continuous symmetries can be described by Lie groups while discrete symmetries are described by finite groups ( see Symmetry group ).
• Proponents of digital physics claim that such continuous symmetries are only convenient ( and very good ) approximations of a discrete reality.
• This states that whenever the laws of physics have a continuous symmetry, there is a continuity equation for some conserved physical quantity.
• It starts with a continuous symmetry group which acts on the fiber, and then it associates a group element with each infinitesimal path.
• In the case of electromagnetism the gauge group is U ( 1 ), which is the group of continuous symmetries of a circle.
• *The existence of discrete digital states is incompatible with the continuous symmetries such as rotational symmetry, Lorentz symmetry, electroweak symmetry and others.
• "' Goldstone's theorem "'examines a generic continuous symmetry which is scalar particles appear in the spectrum of possible excitations.
• The theorem states that continuous symmetries cannot be spontaneously broken at finite temperature in systems with sufficiently short-range interactions in dimensions d \ le 2.
• This extension enabled physicists to derive new results for realistic shell-model potentials, for systems with continuous symmetries, and for systems with mixed symmetries.
• He is famous for having identified the role played by topological defects in the low-temperature phase of two-dimensional systems with a continuous symmetry.